Linux Tutorial

Command-line essentials — files, permissions, processes, and networking.

1 min read 125 words Updated Mar 16, 2026

The Linux shell is where servers live. These commands cover the daily basics.

Files and directories

pwd                 # where am I
ls -la              # list with details
cd /var/log
mkdir -p app/data   # create nested dirs
cp -r src dst       # recursive copy
rm -rf build        # remove recursively (careful!)

Permissions

chmod +x deploy.sh       # make executable
chown app:app config.yml # change owner

Symbol	Meaning
`r`	read
`w`	write
`x`	execute

Processes

ps aux | grep nginx
top                    # live view
kill 1234              # terminate by PID

Networking and pipes

curl -s https://api.ipify.org
cat access.log | grep 404 | wc -l
tail -f app.log        # follow new lines

Pipe (|) connects a command’s output to the next command’s input — the heart of shell power.